Dental enamel, the hardest tissue in the human body, plays a critical protective role in maintaining tooth integrity and function. However, its inability to self-repair following damage or disease represents a significant clinical challenge in restorative dentistry. This comprehensive literature review examines current and emerging techniques for enamel regeneration, restoration, and remineralization, synthesizing evidence from biochemical, cellular, and tissue engineering approaches. The review encompasses multiple major regeneration strategies: remineralization agents including fluoride therapy; biomimetic mineralization approaches utilizing calcium phosphate technologies and self-assembled peptides; rotary evaporation methods for controlled crystal formation; laser-assisted mineralization; in situ remineralization mimicking amelogenin functions; electrically accelerated remineralization; gene therapy utilizing ameloblast-like cells and induced pluripotent stem cells; and scaffold-based strategies for tissue engineering. Contemporary biomimetic materials have demonstrated superior remineralization potential compared to traditional fluoride-based approaches. Cell-based regeneration utilizing dental epithelial stem cells and iPSCs shows promise for creating enamel with properties approaching natural tissue. However, significant challenges persist in replicating enamel’s complex hierarchical structure and achieving adequate mechanical properties. The field requires continued research to optimize regeneration parameters and develop scalable clinical protocols for routine clinical implementation.
